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** "Creator" brian
** "Creation Date" Sun Jun  8 22:08:23 2003
** "Creation Version" 4.42 (1021.500)
** "Revisor" brian
** "Last Modified" Mon Mar  1 16:01:19 2004
** "Last Modified Version" 4.42 (1021.500)

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  "2. Ask here"
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  .STR
   "How does it know which auth nameserver to ask?"
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  .STR
   "It follows the hierarchical tree structure"
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NOTES
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  .STR
   "\"I don't have the answer, but try this other nameserver instea
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  .STR
   "\nCalled a REFERRAL"
  .STR
   "\nMoves you down the tree by one or more levels"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

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PICTURE
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 RECOLOR ON
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  L_SPACE 333
  "(Note: the caching nameserver may happen also to be\nan authori
 tative nameserver for the query. In that case\nit can answer imm
 ediately without asking anywhere else.\nWe will talk later why i
 t's a good idea to have separate\nmachines for caching and autho
 ritative nameservers)"
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  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(8069,0)(8069,1059)(0,1059)(0,437)(8069,437)
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  .STR
   "Eventually this process will either:"
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 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
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  T_PNTS (0,318)(0,0)(8344,0)(8344,3192)(0,3192)(0,318)(8344,318)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "Find an authoritative nameserver which knows the answer (positi
 ve or negative)"
  .STR
   "\nNot find any working nameserver: SERVFAIL"
  .STR
   "\nEnd up at a faulty nameserver - either cannot answer and no f
 urther delegation, or wrong answer!"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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  L_SPACE 333 MARGINS <166 166 333 83>
  ".                        3600000      NS    A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
  \nA.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     198.41.0.4 \n\n. 
                        3600000      NS    B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. \n
 B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     128.9.0.107 \n\n.   
                      3600000      NS    C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. \nC.
 ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     192.33.4.12 \n\n... et
 c"
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 .STR
  "/var/named/named.ca"
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  L_SPACE 333 MARGINS <166 166 333 83>
  "zone \".\" { \n        type hint; \n        file \"named.ca\"; 
 \n}; \n"
.TXT AT (3102,3021)
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  "/etc/named.conf"
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  .STR
   "How does this process start?"
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  .STR
   L_SPACE 611
   "Every caching nameserver is seeded with a list of root servers"
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   "\n\tWorth checking every 6 months or so"
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  .STR
   "Demonstration"
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 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
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  .STR
   BOLD ON
   "dig +trace www.tiscali.co.uk."
  .STR
   BOLD OFF
   "\nInstead of sending the query to the cache, \"dig +trace\" tra
 verses the tree from the root and displays the responses it gets
 "
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  .STR
   "So each zone has two or more authoritative nameservers for resi
 lience"
  .STR
   "\nThey are all equivalent and can be tried in any order"
  .STR
   "\nTrying stops as soon as one gives an answer"
  .STR
   "\nAlso helps share the load"
  .STR
   "\nThe root servers are busy - there are currently 13 of them (e
 ach of which is a large cluster)"
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NOTES
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  .STR
   "Especially important at the higher levels: root servers, GTLD s
 ervers (.com, .net etc)"
  .STR
   "\nAll intermediate information is cached as well as the final a
 nswer - so NS records from REFERRALS are cached too"
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 PNTS (0,0)(5750,0)
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 RECOLOR ON
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 THICKNESS 0 L_ARROW 0 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <0 240>
 T_PNTS (0,240)(0,0)(3032,0)(3032,308)(0,308)(0,240)(3032,240)
 .STR
  "www.tiscali.co.uk (A)"
.TXT AT (2380,3031)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <7 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-21 242>
 T_PNTS (0,242)(0,0)(3966,0)(3966,247)(0,247)(0,242)(3966,242)
 .STR
  "referral to 'uk' nameservers"
.TXT AT (7431,3746)
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 T_PNTS (0,238)(0,0)(918,0)(918,577)(0,577)(0,238)(918,238)
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 PNTS (0,0)(5717,0)
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 T_PNTS (0,240)(0,0)(3032,0)(3032,308)(0,308)(0,240)(3032,240)
 .STR
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.TXT AT (1667,4236)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <7 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-21 242>
 T_PNTS (0,242)(0,0)(5329,0)(5329,247)(0,247)(0,242)(5329,242)
 .STR
  "referral to 'tiscali.co.uk' nameservers"
.TXT AT (7038,5000)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <1 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <0 238>
 T_PNTS (0,238)(0,0)(1707,0)(1707,577)(0,577)(0,238)(1707,238)
 .STR
  "tiscali.co.uk\nserver"
.LINE AT (1250,5208)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 56 R_ARROW 1 MARGINS <166 166 333 83>
 PNTS (0,0)(5717,0)
.LINE AT (1251,5459)
 RECOLOR ON
 L_ARROW 1 R_ARROW 0
 PNTS (0,0)(5717,0)
.TXT AT (2776,4878)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 0 L_ARROW 0 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <0 240>
 T_PNTS (0,240)(0,0)(3032,0)(3032,308)(0,308)(0,240)(3032,240)
 .STR
  "www.tiscali.co.uk (A)"
.TXT AT (2609,5486)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <7 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <1 238>
 T_PNTS (0,238)(0,0)(3401,0)(3401,245)(0,245)(0,238)(3401,238)
 .STR
  "Answer: 212.74.101.10"
.RECT AT (750,2250)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 1 MARGINS <166 166 333 83>
 PNTS (0,0)(500,0)(500,3750)(0,3750)(0,0)
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 1 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
 .TXT AT (864,744)
  RECOLOR ON
  TEMPLATED ON
  BACKFILL <40 40 5 1000 0 0 0>
  PARA <0 0 0 0 1000 1 0 111>
  V_SPACE <0 611 0>
  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
  TXTXYOFF <-131 437>
  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(8574,0)(8574,1180)(0,1180)(0,437)(8574,437)
  H_SPACE 8892
  .STR
   "Example 1: www.tiscali.co.uk (on an empty cache)"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

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 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
 LAYOUT_ID <0 1 2 3 3>
END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
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 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <1 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 0
 PARA <0 0 0 0 1000 38 0 111>
 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <0 238>
 T_PNTS (0,238)(0,0)(1707,0)(1707,577)(0,577)(0,238)(1707,238)
 H_SPACE 0
 .STR
  "tiscali.co.uk\nserver"
.LINE AT (1250,5208)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 56 R_ARROW 1 MARGINS <166 166 333 83>
 PNTS (0,0)(5717,0)
.LINE AT (1251,5459)
 RECOLOR ON
 L_ARROW 1 R_ARROW 0
 PNTS (0,0)(5717,0)
.TXT AT (2779,4878)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 0 L_ARROW 0 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-8 240>
 T_PNTS (0,240)(0,0)(3022,0)(3022,310)(0,310)(0,240)(3022,240)
 .STR
  "smtp.tiscali.co.uk (A)"
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 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <7 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <3 238>
 T_PNTS (0,238)(0,0)(3347,0)(3347,245)(0,245)(0,238)(3347,238)
 .STR
  "Answer: 212.74.114.61"
.RECT AT (750,2250)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 1 MARGINS <166 166 333 83>
 PNTS (0,0)(500,0)(500,3750)(0,3750)(0,0)
.TXT AT (1973,3241)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 0 ITALICS ON MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-18 242>
 T_PNTS (0,242)(0,0)(5410,0)(5410,310)(0,310)(0,242)(5410,242)
 .STR
  "(Previous referrals taken from cache)"
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 1 0 0>
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  .STR
   "Example 2: smtp.tiscali.co.uk (after previous example)"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

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 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
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  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
  TXTXYOFF <-111 449>
  T_PNTS (0,449)(0,0)(8021,0)(8021,1071)(0,1071)(0,449)(8021,449)
  .STR
   "Caches can be a problem if data becomes stale"
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
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  PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 39 1 228>
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  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
  TXTXYOFF <13 323>
  T_PNTS (0,323)(0,0)(8047,0)(8047,2607)(0,2607)(0,323)(8047,323)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "If caches hold data for too long, they may give out wrong answe
 rs if the authoritative data changes"
  .STR
   "\nIf caches hold data for too little time, it means increased w
 ork for the authoritative servers"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
 LAYOUT_ID <1 2 12 12 12>
END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
.TXT AT (1198,5876)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <40 40 5 1000 0 0 0>
 V_SPACE <0 500 0>
 SIZE 360000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 500 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-101 358>
 T_PNTS (0,358)(0,0)(8203,0)(8203,967)(0,967)(0,358)(8203,358)
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 .STR
  L_SPACE 611
  "(The cache owner has no control - but they wouldn't want it any
 way)"
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
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  TXTXYOFF <-106 439>
  T_PNTS (0,439)(0,0)(8395,0)(8395,1672)(0,1672)(0,439)(8395,439)
  .STR
   "The owner of an auth server can control how their data is cache
 d"
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
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  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
  TXTXYOFF <13 318>
  T_PNTS (0,318)(0,0)(8302,0)(8302,2687)(0,2687)(0,318)(8302,318)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "Each resource record has a \"Time To Live\" (TTL) which says ho
 w long it can be kept in cache"
  .STR
   "\nThe SOA record says how long a negative answer can be cached 
 (i.e. the non-existence of a resource record)"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
 LAYOUT_ID <1 2 12 12 12>
END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
 .TXT AT (1944,744)
  RECOLOR ON
  TEMPLATED ON
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  V_SPACE <0 611 0>
  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
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  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(6151,0)(6151,569)(0,569)(0,437)(6151,437)
  H_SPACE 8892
  .STR
   "A compromise policy"
.TMP AT (584,2548)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (559,2653)
  RECOLOR ON
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  PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 39 1 228>
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  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
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  T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(8295,0)(8295,3701)(0,3701)(0,326)(8295,326)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "Set a fairly long TTL - 1 or 2 days"
  .STR
   "\nWhen you know you are about to make a change, reduce the TTL 
 down to 10 minutes"
  .STR
   "\nWait 1 or 2 days BEFORE making the change"
  .STR
   "\nAfter the change, put the TTL back up again"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
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.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
 .TXT AT (882,742)
  RECOLOR ON
  TEMPLATED ON
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  V_SPACE <0 611 0>
  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
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  T_PNTS (0,439)(0,0)(8445,0)(8445,1793)(0,1793)(0,439)(8445,439)
  H_SPACE 8892
  .STR
   "What sort of problems might happen when a caching nameserver is
  operating?"
.TMP AT (584,2548)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (743,3167)
  RECOLOR ON
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  PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 39 1 228>
  V_SPACE <56 444 0>
  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
  TXTXYOFF <11 323>
  T_PNTS (0,323)(0,0)(8174,0)(8174,1367)(0,1367)(0,323)(8174,323)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "Remember that following referrals is in general a multi-step pr
 ocess"
  .STR
   "\nRemember the caching"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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  BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
  PARA <0 0 0 0 1000 1 0 111>
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  SIZE 240000 HOR_JUST CENTER L_SPACE 333 MARGINS <166 166 333 83>
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
 LAYOUT_ID <1 2 12 12 12>
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PICTURE
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
 .TXT AT (782,732)
  RECOLOR ON
  TEMPLATED ON
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  V_SPACE <0 611 0>
  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
  TXTXYOFF <-122 449>
  T_PNTS (0,449)(0,0)(8718,0)(8718,1071)(0,1071)(0,449)(8718,449)
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  .STR
   "(1) One authoritative server is down or unreachable"
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (559,2661)
  RECOLOR ON
  TEMPLATED ON
  BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
  PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 39 1 228>
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  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
  TXTXYOFF <13 318>
  T_PNTS (0,318)(0,0)(8272,0)(8272,2187)(0,2187)(0,318)(8272,318)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "Not a problem: timeout and try the next authoritative server (r
 emember that there are multiple authoritative servers for a zone
 , so the referral returns multiple NS records)"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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  BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
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END NOTES

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 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
 LAYOUT_ID <1 2 12 12 12>
END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
 .TXT AT (721,744)
  RECOLOR ON
  TEMPLATED ON
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  V_SPACE <0 611 0>
  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
  TXTXYOFF <-38 437>
  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(8664,0)(8664,1059)(0,1059)(0,437)(8664,437)
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  .STR
   "(2) *ALL* authoritative servers are down or unreachable!"
.TMP AT (584,2548)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (559,2661)
  RECOLOR ON
  TEMPLATED ON
  BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
  PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 39 1 228>
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  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
  TXTXYOFF <13 318>
  T_PNTS (0,318)(0,0)(8368,0)(8368,4110)(0,4110)(0,318)(8368,318)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "This is bad; query cannot complete"
  .STR
   "\nMake sure all nameservers not on the same subnet (switch/rout
 er failure)"
  .STR
   "\nMake sure all nameservers not in the same building (power fai
 lure)"
  .STR
   "\nMake sure all nameservers not even on the same Internet backb
 one (failure of upstream link)"
  .STR
   "\nFor more detail read RFC 2182"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
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END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
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  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
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  .STR
   "(3) Referral points to a nameserver which is not authoritative 
 for this zone"
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 RECOLOR ON
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  RECOLOR ON
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  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
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  T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(8388,0)(8388,4146)(0,4146)(0,326)(8388,326)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "Bad error. Called \"Lame Delegation\""
  .STR
   "\nQuery cannot proceed - server does not have either the right 
 answer or the right delegation"
  .STR
   "\nTypical error: NS record points to a caching nameserver which
  has not been set up as authoritative for that zone"
  .STR
   "\nOr: syntax error in zone file means that nameserver software 
 ignores it"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
 LAYOUT_ID <1 2 12 12 12>
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PICTURE
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
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  TEMPLATED ON
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  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
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  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(8209,0)(8209,1059)(0,1059)(0,437)(8209,437)
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  .STR
   "(4) Inconsistencies between authoritative servers"
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
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 .TXT AT (559,2656)
  RECOLOR ON
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  T_PNTS (0,323)(0,0)(8098,0)(8098,3052)(0,3052)(0,323)(8098,323)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "If auth servers don't have the same information then you will g
 et different information depending on which one you picked (rand
 om)"
  .STR
   "\nBecause of caching, these problems can be very hard to debug.
  Problem is intermittent."
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
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PICTURE
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
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  TEMPLATED ON
  BACKFILL <40 40 5 1000 0 0 0>
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  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
  TXTXYOFF <-122 437>
  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(6316,0)(6316,1180)(0,1180)(0,437)(6316,437)
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  .STR
   "(5) Inconsistencies in delegations"
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 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
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  PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 39 1 228>
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  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
  TXTXYOFF <13 326>
  T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(7977,0)(7977,1812)(0,1812)(0,326)(7977,326)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "NS records in the delegation do not match NS records in the zon
 e file (we will write zone files later)"
  .STR
   "\nWhich is right?"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
 LAYOUT_ID <1 2 12 12 12>
END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
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  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(7534,0)(7534,1059)(0,1059)(0,437)(7534,437)
  H_SPACE 8892
  .STR
   "(6) Mixing caching and authoritative nameservers"
.TMP AT (584,2548)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (559,2656)
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  T_PNTS (0,323)(0,0)(8171,0)(8171,3939)(0,3939)(0,323)(8171,323)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "If caching nameserver contains an old zone file, but customer h
 as transferred their DNS somewhere else"
  .STR
   "\nCaching nameserver responds immediately with the old informat
 ion, even though NS records point at a different ISP's authorita
 tive nameservers which hold the right information!"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

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END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
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  T_PNTS (0,439)(0,0)(7769,0)(7769,1181)(0,1181)(0,439)(7769,439)
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  .STR
   "(7) Inappropriate choice of parameters"
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  T_PNTS (0,323)(0,0)(7853,0)(7853,866)(0,866)(0,323)(7853,323)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "e.g. TTL set either far too short or far too long"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
 LAYOUT_ID <1 2 12 12 12>
END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
 .TXT AT (1052,744)
  RECOLOR ON
  TEMPLATED ON
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  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
  TXTXYOFF <-91 437>
  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(8107,0)(8107,1180)(0,1180)(0,437)(8107,437)
  H_SPACE 8892
  .STR
   "These problems are not the fault of the caching server!"
.TMP AT (584,2548)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (559,2656)
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  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
  TXTXYOFF <13 323>
  T_PNTS (0,323)(0,0)(8363,0)(8363,3995)(0,3995)(0,323)(8363,323)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "They all originate from bad configuration of the AUTHORITATIVE 
 name servers"
  .STR
   "\nMany of these mistakes are easy to make but difficult to debu
 g, especially because of caching"
  .STR
   "\nRunning a caching server is easy: running authoritative names
 ervice properly requires great attention to detail"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
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END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
.TXT AT (1503,5774)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 0
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 FONT 5 BOLD ON MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-9 215>
 T_PNTS (0,215)(0,0)(5998,0)(5998,264)(0,264)(0,215)(5998,215)
 H_SPACE 0
 .STR
  "dig +norec @1.2.3.4 foo.bar. a"
.LINE AT (4000,6250)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 1 FONT 2 BOLD OFF MARGINS <166 166 333 83>
 PNTS (500,0)(0,250)
.LINE AT (6250,6250)
 RECOLOR ON
 PNTS (0,0)(500,250)
.TXT AT (2857,6570)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 0 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-13 245>
 T_PNTS (0,245)(0,0)(2253,0)(2253,318)(0,318)(0,245)(2253,245)
 .STR
  "Server to query"
.TXT AT (6228,6577)
 RECOLOR ON
 TXTXYOFF <-24 238>
 T_PNTS (0,238)(0,0)(1096,0)(1096,243)(0,243)(0,238)(1096,238)
 .STR
  "Domain"
.LINE AT (7750,6250)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 1 MARGINS <166 166 333 83>
 PNTS (0,0)(500,250)
.TXT AT (7838,6565)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 0 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-14 245>
 T_PNTS (0,245)(0,0)(884,0)(884,652)(0,652)(0,245)(884,245)
 .STR
  "Query\nType"
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
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 .TXT AT (2190,744)
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  THICKNESS 1
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  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611
  TXTXYOFF <-127 437>
  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(5905,0)(5905,1179)(0,1179)(0,437)(5905,437)
  H_SPACE 8892
  .STR
   "How to debug these problems?"
.TMP AT (584,2548)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (559,2661)
  RECOLOR ON
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  BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
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  T_PNTS (0,318)(0,0)(8388,0)(8388,2804)(0,2804)(0,318)(8388,318)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "We must bypass caching"
  .STR
   "\nWe must try *all* N servers "
  .STR
   "for a zone (a caching nameserver stops after one)"
  .STR
   "\nWe must bypass recursion to test all the intermediate referra
 ls"
  .STR
   "\n\"dig +norec\" is your friend"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
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END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
.TXT AT (1489,5795)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 0
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 FONT 5 BOLD ON HOR_JUST LEFT MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <0 194>
 T_PNTS (0,194)(0,0)(5183,0)(5183,860)(0,860)(0,194)(5183,194)
 H_SPACE 0
 .STR
  ";; ANSWER SECTION\nfoo.bar.  1H IN A  1.2.3.4\n"
.LINE AT (3500,6500)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 1 FONT 2 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST CENTER MARGINS <166 166 333 83>
 PNTS (250,0)(0,250)
.LINE AT (6000,6500)
 RECOLOR ON
 PNTS (0,0)(250,250)
.LINE AT (1750,6500)
 RECOLOR ON
 PNTS (250,0)(0,250)
.TXT AT (500,6751)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 0 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-11 238>
 T_PNTS (0,238)(0,0)(1986,0)(1986,243)(0,243)(0,238)(1986,238)
 .STR
  "domain name"
.TXT AT (3193,6749)
 RECOLOR ON
 TXTXYOFF <-3 238>
 T_PNTS (0,238)(0,0)(586,0)(586,239)(0,239)(0,238)(586,238)
 .STR
  "TTL"
.TXT AT (5967,6808)
 RECOLOR ON
 TXTXYOFF <-9 179>
 T_PNTS (0,179)(0,0)(1055,0)(1055,184)(0,184)(0,179)(1055,179)
 .STR
  "answer"
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
 .TXT AT (706,744)
  RECOLOR ON
  TEMPLATED ON
  BACKFILL <40 40 5 1000 0 0 0>
  THICKNESS 1
  PARA <0 0 0 0 1000 1 0 111>
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  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611
  TXTXYOFF <-43 437>
  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(8705,0)(8705,567)(0,567)(0,437)(8705,437)
  H_SPACE 8892
  .STR
   "How to interpret responses (1)"
.TMP AT (584,2548)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (559,2653)
  RECOLOR ON
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  T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(8289,0)(8289,2721)(0,2721)(0,326)(8289,326)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "Look for \"status: NOERROR\""
  .STR
   "\n\"flags .... "
  .STR
   UNDERLINE ON BOLD ON
   "aa"
  .STR
   UNDERLINE OFF BOLD OFF
   "\" means this is an Authoritative Answer (i.e. not cached)"
  .STR
   "\n\"ANSWER SECTION\" gives the answer"
  .STR
   "\nIf you get back just NS records: it's a referral"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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END NOTES

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 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
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END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
.TMP AT (584,584)
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 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
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 .TXT AT (706,744)
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  TEMPLATED ON
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  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON L_SPACE 611 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
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  .STR
   "How to interpret responses (2)"
.TMP AT (584,2548)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (534,2627)
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  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
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  T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(8350,0)(8350,4418)(0,4418)(0,326)(8350,326)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "\"status: NXDOMAIN\""
  .STR
   PARA <-500 1000 -500 2 1000 39 1 221>
   V_SPACE <28 389 0>
   SIZE 280000
   "\nOK, negative (the domain does not exist). You should get back
  a SOA"
  .STR
   PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 39 1 228>
   V_SPACE <56 444 0>
   SIZE 320000
   "\n\"status: NOERROR\" with zero RRs"
  .STR
   PARA <-500 1000 -500 2 1000 39 1 221>
   V_SPACE <28 389 0>
   SIZE 280000
   "\nOK, \tnegative (domain exists but no RRs of the type requeste
 d). Should get a SOA"
  .STR
   PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 39 1 228>
   V_SPACE <56 444 0>
   SIZE 320000
   "\n"
  .STR
   "Other status may indicate an error."
  .STR
   "\nLook also for Connection Refused (DNS server is not running) 
 or timeout (no answer)"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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  BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
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END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
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 LAYOUT_ID <1 2 12 12 12>
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PICTURE
.TXT AT (735,3238)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 THICKNESS 0
 PARA <0 0 0 0 1000 38 0 111>
 BOLD ON HOR_JUST LEFT MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-11 245>
 T_PNTS (0,245)(0,0)(8203,0)(8203,317)(0,317)(0,245)(8203,245)
 H_SPACE 0
 .STR
  "dig +norec @a.root-servers.net. www.tiscali.co.uk. a"
.TXT AT (740,4413)
 RECOLOR ON
 THICKNESS 1
 PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 11 3 252>
 V_SPACE <56 444 0>
 SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF L_SPACE 444
 TXTXYOFF <-14 326>
 T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(7328,0)(7328,778)(0,778)(0,326)(7328,326)
 H_SPACE 8912
 .STR
  PARA <-500 500 -500 0 1000 11 3 252>
  "2. For a referral, note the NS records returned"
.TXT AT (732,5482)
 RECOLOR ON
 PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 11 3 252>
 TXTXYOFF <-11 326>
 T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(7832,0)(7832,424)(0,424)(0,326)(7832,326)
 .STR
  PARA <-500 500 -500 0 1000 11 3 252>
  "3. Repeat the query for *all* NS records."
.TXT AT (729,6147)
 RECOLOR ON
 PARA <-500 500 -500 2 1000 11 3 252>
 TXTXYOFF <-13 326>
 T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(8364,0)(8364,869)(0,869)(0,326)(8364,326)
 .STR
  PARA <-500 500 -500 0 1000 11 3 252>
  "4. Go back to step 2, until you have got the final answers to t
 he query"
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
 .TXT AT (757,744)
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  V_SPACE <0 611 0>
  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON HOR_JUST CENTER L_SPACE 611
  TXTXYOFF <-127 437>
  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(8777,0)(8777,1180)(0,1180)(0,437)(8777,437)
  H_SPACE 8892
  .STR
   "How to debug a domain using \"dig +norec\" (1)"
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 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (754,2651)
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  T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(4936,0)(4936,424)(0,424)(0,326)(4936,326)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "1. Start at any root server"
.TXT AT (2744,3741)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <7 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
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 PARA <0 0 0 0 1000 38 0 111>
 V_SPACE <0 333 0>
 SIZE 240000 HOR_JUST CENTER L_SPACE 333
 TXTXYOFF <0 238>
 T_PNTS (0,238)(0,0)(4047,0)(4047,311)(0,311)(0,238)(4047,238)
 H_SPACE 0
 .STR
  "\nRemember the trailing dots!"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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  BACKFILL <38 44 5 1000 0 0 0>
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 END .GRP
END NOTES

SLIDE_INFO
 SLIDE_STYLE <0 -1 1>
 LAYOUT_ID <1 2 12 12 12>
END SLIDE_INFO
PICTURE
.TXT AT (596,4648)
 RECOLOR ON
 BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
 PARA <-500 500 -500 0 1000 11 1 228>
 V_SPACE <56 444 0>
 SIZE 320000 HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444 MARGINS <0 0 0 0>
 TXTXYOFF <-14 326>
 T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(8214,0)(8214,1758)(0,1758)(0,326)(8214,326)
 H_SPACE 8912
 .STR
  "6. Note that NS records are names not IP addresses. So now chec
 k every NS record maps to the correct IP address using the same 
 process!"
.TMP AT (584,584)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <1 0 0 0>
 T_POS <584 584 9475 2254>
 .TXT AT (757,744)
  RECOLOR ON
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  PARA <0 0 0 0 1000 1 0 111>
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  SIZE 440000 BOLD ON HOR_JUST CENTER L_SPACE 611
  TXTXYOFF <-127 437>
  T_PNTS (0,437)(0,0)(8777,0)(8777,1180)(0,1180)(0,437)(8777,437)
  H_SPACE 8892
  .STR
   "How to debug a domain using \"dig +norec\" (2)"
.TMP AT (584,2548)
 RECOLOR ON
 TEMPLATE_FLAGS <2 3 0 0>
 T_POS <584 2548 9495 7244>
 .TXT AT (580,2651)
  RECOLOR ON
  TEMPLATED ON
  BACKFILL <39 39 5 1000 0 0 0>
  PARA <-500 500 -500 0 1000 39 1 228>
  V_SPACE <56 444 0>
  SIZE 320000 BOLD OFF HOR_JUST LEFT L_SPACE 444
  TXTXYOFF <-13 326>
  T_PNTS (0,326)(0,0)(8104,0)(8104,1665)(0,1665)(0,326)(8104,326)
  H_SPACE 8912
  .STR
   "5. Check all the answers have \"flags: aa\" and that answers fr
 om a group of authoritative nameservers are consistent with each
  other"
END PICTURE
NOTES
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