1 | <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> |
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2 | <html xml:lang="en-us" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-us"><head>
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3 |
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4 |
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5 |
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6 | <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=7">
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7 | <title>Kyocera | Products | Kyocera Solar Energy | Understanding Solar | Modules </title>
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8 | <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
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12 | <meta name="DC.Language" content="en-us">
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13 | <meta name="DC.Date" content="2004-02-12">
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14 | <meta name="keywords" content="Residential Grid-Tie Systems, Water Pumping, RV & Marine, Remote Home Systems, Communication, Oil & Gas, Traffic, Railroad, Lighting, Commercial Grid-Tie Systems, Rural Development, Government/Military, solar cell, grid-tie system, solar system, solar panel, solar module, power systems, photovoltaics, PV, sine wave, modified sine wave, watt, Energy Independence, Security, My Gen, SUN">
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15 | <meta name="description" content="Kyocera Solar, Inc. fulfills wide-ranging needs for distributed solar electricity through two major market channels. First, we supply fully-integrated systems to industrial customers. Second, we have a global network of more than 1,500 Authorized Distributors and Dealers, to whom we supply components, packaged systems, engineering, technical support, and project management.">
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16 |
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17 | <script language="javascript" src="modules_files/css.js" type="text/javascript"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="modules_files/ns1.css" type="text/css">
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18 | <noscript>
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19 | <link href="/data/css/v1/en/k1.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
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20 | </noscript>
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21 | </head><body topmargin="0" leftmargin="0" bgcolor="#ffffff" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">
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22 |
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23 | <a name="top"></a>
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24 | <!-- branding_band_start -->
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25 | <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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26 | <tbody><tr>
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27 | <td width="100%" bgcolor="#000000" height="35">
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28 | <table width="773" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="35">
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29 | <tbody><tr>
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30 | <td width="1"><a href="#main">
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31 | <img src="modules_files/skip.gif" alt="Skip to main content" width="1" border="0" height="35"></a></td>
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32 | <td width="124"><a href="http://americas.kyocera.com/">
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33 | <img src="modules_files/logo.gif" alt="Kyocera" width="124" border="0" height="35"></a></td>
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34 | <td width="28">
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35 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="28" height="35"></td>
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36 | <td width="440">
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37 | <img src="modules_files/t_Kyoceratycom.gif" alt="the Americas" width="440" height="35"></td>
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38 | <td width="180">
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39 | <img src="modules_files/brand.gif" alt="THE NEW VALUE FRONTIER" width="180" border="0" height="35"></td>
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40 | </tr>
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41 | </tbody></table>
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42 | </td>
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43 | </tr>
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44 | </tbody></table>
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45 | <!-- branding_band_end -->
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46 | <!-- top_menu_start -->
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47 | <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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48 | <tbody><tr>
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49 | <td class="mbg" width="718" height="24">
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50 | <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="24">
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51 | <tbody><tr>
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52 | <td nowrap="nowrap">
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53 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" border="0" height="2">
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54 | <a href="http://americas.kyocera.com/index.html" class="tpnav">Home</a>
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55 | <a href="http://americas.kyocera.com/news/index.html" class="tpnav">
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56 | News</a>
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58 | Products</a>
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59 | <a href="http://americas.kyocera.com/company/index.html" class="tpnav">
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60 | About</a>
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61 | <a href="http://americas.kyocera.com/careers/index.html" class="tpnav">
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62 | Careers</a>
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63 | <a href="http://americas.kyocera.com/ir/index.html" class="tpnav">
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64 | Investor Relations</a> </td>
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65 | </tr>
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66 | </tbody></table>
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67 | </td>
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68 | </tr>
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69 | </tbody></table>
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70 | <!-- top_menu_end -->
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71 | <!-- main_body_start -->
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72 | <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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73 | <tbody><tr>
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74 | <!-- left_side_navigation_start -->
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75 | <td class="snbg" valign="top" width="150">
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76 | <table width="150" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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77 | <tbody><tr>
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78 | <td class="sntp" width="4">
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79 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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80 | <td class="sntp" width="142" height="24">
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81 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="142" height="1"></td>
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82 | <td class="sntp" width="4">
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83 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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84 | </tr>
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85 | <tr>
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86 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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87 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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88 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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89 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/index.cfm" class="navbold">Kyocera Solar Home</a></td>
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90 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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91 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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92 | </tr>
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93 |
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94 | <tr>
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95 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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96 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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97 | </tr>
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98 |
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99 | <tr>
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100 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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101 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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102 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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103 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/about/" class="nav">About Kyocera Solar</a></td>
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104 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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105 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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106 | </tr>
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107 | <tr>
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108 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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109 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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110 | </tr>
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111 | <tr>
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112 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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113 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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114 | <td class="snbgg" height="20"><a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/" class="navbold">Understanding Solar</a></td>
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115 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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116 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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117 | </tr>
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118 |
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119 | </tbody></table>
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120 | <table width="150" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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121 |
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122 | <tbody><tr>
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123 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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124 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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125 | </tr>
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126 | <tr>
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127 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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128 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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129 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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130 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/solarfaq.html" class="nav2">Solar FAQs</a></td>
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131 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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132 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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133 | </tr>
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134 | <tr>
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135 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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136 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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137 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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138 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/glossary.html" class="nav2">Solar Glossary</a></td>
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139 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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140 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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141 | </tr>
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142 | <tr>
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143 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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144 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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145 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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146 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/basics.html" class="nav2">Electricity Basics</a></td>
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147 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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148 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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149 | </tr>
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150 | <tr>
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151 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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152 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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153 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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154 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/packsystems.html" class="nav2">Pre-Packaged Systems</a></td>
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155 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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156 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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157 | </tr>
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158 | <tr>
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159 | <td class="snbgw" width="12">
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160 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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161 | <td class="snbgw" width="134" height="20">
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162 | <b>Modules</b></td>
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163 | <td class="snbgw" width="4">
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164 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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165 | </tr>
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166 | <tr>
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167 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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168 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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169 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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170 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/mounts.html" class="nav2">Module Mounting</a></td>
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171 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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172 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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173 | </tr>
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174 | <tr>
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175 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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176 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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177 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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178 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/controller.html" class="nav2">Controllers</a></td>
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179 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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180 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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181 | </tr>
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182 | <tr>
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183 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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184 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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185 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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186 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/inverters.html" class="nav2">Inverters</a></td>
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187 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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188 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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189 | </tr>
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190 |
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191 | <tr>
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192 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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193 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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194 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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195 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/batteries.html" class="nav2">Batteries</a></td>
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196 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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197 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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198 | </tr>
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199 | <tr>
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200 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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201 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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202 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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203 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/pumping.html" class="nav2">Water Pumping</a></td>
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204 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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205 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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206 | </tr>
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207 | </tbody></table>
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208 | <table width="150" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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209 |
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210 |
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211 | <tbody><tr>
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212 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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213 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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214 | <td class="snbgg" height="20"><a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/news/" class="nav">News & Events</a></td>
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215 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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216 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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217 | </tr>
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218 |
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219 |
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220 | <tr>
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221 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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222 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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223 | </tr>
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224 |
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225 |
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226 |
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227 | <tr>
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228 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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229 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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230 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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231 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/products/" class="nav">Solar Products</a></td>
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232 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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233 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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234 | </tr>
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235 | <tr>
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236 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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237 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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238 | </tr>
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239 | <tr>
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240 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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241 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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242 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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243 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/markets/" class="nav">Markets</a></td>
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244 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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245 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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246 | </tr>
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247 |
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248 |
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249 | <tr>
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250 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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251 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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252 | </tr>
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253 |
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254 | <tr>
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255 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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256 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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257 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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258 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/support/" class="nav">Technical Information</a></td>
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259 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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260 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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261 | </tr>
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262 |
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263 | <tr>
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264 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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265 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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266 | </tr>
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267 |
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268 | <tr>
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269 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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270 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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271 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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272 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/contact/" class="nav">Contact</a></td>
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273 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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274 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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275 | </tr>
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276 | <tr>
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277 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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278 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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279 | </tr>
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280 |
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281 | <tr>
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282 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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283 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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284 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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285 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/locator/" class="nav">Dealer Locator</a></td>
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286 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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287 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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288 | </tr>
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289 | <tr>
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290 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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291 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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292 | </tr>
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293 |
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294 | <!--<tr>
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295 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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296 | <img src="/images/c.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td>
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297 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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298 | <a href="/dealers/" class="nav">Become A Dealer</a></td>
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299 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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300 | <img src="/images/c.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td>
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301 | </tr>
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302 | <tr>
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303 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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304 | <img src="/images/c.gif" width="1" height="1" alt="" /></td>
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305 | </tr>-->
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306 | <tr>
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307 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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308 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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309 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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310 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/search/index.html" class="nav">Search</a></td>
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311 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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312 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" border="0" height="1"></td>
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313 | </tr>
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314 | <tr>
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315 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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316 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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317 | </tr>
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318 |
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319 | </tbody></table>
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320 | <table width="150" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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321 | <tbody><tr>
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322 | <td width="4">
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323 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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324 | <td width="11">
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325 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="11" height="1"></td>
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326 | <td width="131" height="20">
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327 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="131" height="20"></td>
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328 | <td width="4">
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329 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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330 | </tr>
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331 | <tr>
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332 | <td width="4">
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333 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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334 | <td valign="middle" width="11">
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335 | <!-- <img src="/images/dot3.gif" alt="" width="9" height="6" /> --></td>
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336 | <td width="131" height="20"><!-- Related Link --></td>
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337 | <td width="4">
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338 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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339 | </tr>
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340 | </tbody></table>
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352 | <td valign="middle" height="24"><a name="main"></a>
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353 | <a class="nta" href="http://americas.kyocera.com/products">Products</a> > <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/" class="nta">Solar Energy</a></td>
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357 | <tr>
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358 | <td valign="middle" height="24">
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359 | <img src="modules_files/t_modules.gif" alt="Solar Modules" width="340" border="0" height="40"></td>
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360 | </tr>
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371 |
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372 |
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373 |
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374 | <table width="600" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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375 | <tbody><tr>
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376 | <!-- the_content_start -->
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377 | <td valign="top" width="443">
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378 | <br>
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379 | <b>Solar Electric Modules</b><br><br>
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380 | <b>Solar Modules Power Characteristics:</b><br>
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381 | The current and power output of photovoltaic modules are approximately
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382 | proportional to sunlight intensity. At a given intensity, a module's
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383 | output current and operating voltage are determined by the
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384 | characteristics of the load. If that load is a battery, the battery's
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385 | internal resistance will dictate the module's operating voltage.
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386 | <br><br>A module which is rated at 17 volts will put out less than its
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387 | rated power when used in a battery system. This is because the working
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388 | voltage will be between 12 and 15 volts. As wattage (power) is the
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389 | product of volts times amps, the module output will be reduced. For
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390 | example: a 50 watt module working at 13.0 volts will produce 39.0 watts
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391 | (13.0 volts x 3.0 amps = 39.0 watts). This is important to remember
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392 | when sizing a PV system.
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393 | <br><br>
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394 | <img src="modules_files/SI_irradiance.gif" alt="" width="219" align="right" border="0" height="252">An
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395 | I-V curve as illustrated to the right is simply all of a module's
|
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396 | possible operating points, (voltage/current combinations) at a given
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397 | cell temperature and light intensity. Increases in cell temperature
|
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398 | increase current slightly, but drastically decrease voltage.
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399 | <br><br>Maximum power is derived at the knee of the curve. Check the
|
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400 | amperage generated by the solar array at your battery's present
|
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401 | operating voltage to better calculate the actual power developed at
|
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402 | your voltages and temperatures.
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403 | <br><br>
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404 | <a name="shading"></a>
|
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405 | <b>Shading:</b><br>PV modules are very sensitive to shading. Unlike a
|
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406 | solar thermal panel which can tolerate some shading, many brands of PV
|
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407 | modules cannot even be shaded by the branch of a leafless tree.
|
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408 | <br><br>Shading obstructions can be defined as soft or hard sources.
|
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409 | If a tree branch, roof vent, chimney or other item is shading from a
|
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410 | distance, the shadow is diffuse or dispersed. These soft sources
|
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411 | significantly reduce the amount of light reaching the cell(s) of a
|
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412 | module. Hard sources are defined as those that stop light from reaching
|
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413 | the cell(s), such as a blanket, tree branch, bird dropping, or the
|
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414 | like, sitting directly on top of the glass. If even one full cell is
|
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415 | hard shaded the voltage of that module will drop to half of its
|
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416 | unshaded value in order to protect itself. If enough cells are hard
|
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417 | shaded, the module will not convert any energy and will, in fact,
|
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418 | become a tiny drain of energy on the entire system.
|
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419 | <br><br>Partial-shading even one cell of a 36-cell module, such as the
|
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420 | KC120, will reduce its power output. Because all cells are connected in
|
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421 | a series string, the weakest cell will bring the <img src="modules_files/SI_shading.gif" alt="" width="231" align="right" border="0" height="142">
|
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422 | others down to its reduced power level. Therefore, whether œ of one
|
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423 | cell is shaded, or œ a row of cells is shaded as shown above, the power
|
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424 | decrease will be the same and proportional to the percentage of area
|
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425 | shaded, in this case 50%.
|
---|
426 | <br><br>
|
---|
427 | When a full cell is shaded, it can act as a consumer of
|
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428 | energy produced by the remainder of the cells, and trigger
|
---|
429 | the module to protect itself .The module will route the
|
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430 | power around that series string. If even one full cell in a
|
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431 | <img src="modules_files/SI_shading2.gif" alt="" width="310" align="right" border="0" height="189">
|
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432 | series string is shaded, as seen on the right, it will likely
|
---|
433 | cause the module to reduce its power level to œ of its full
|
---|
434 | available value. If a row of cells at the bottom of a module
|
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435 | is fully shaded the power output may
|
---|
436 | drop to zero. The best way to avoid a drop in output power
|
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437 | is to avoid shading whenever possible.<br><br>
|
---|
438 | <a name="tilt"></a>
|
---|
439 | <b>Tilt Angle:</b><br>To capture the maximum amount of solar radiation
|
---|
440 | over a year, the solar array should be tilted at an angle approximately
|
---|
441 | equal to a site's latitude, and facing within 15º of due south. To
|
---|
442 | optimize winter performance, the solar array can be tilted 15º more
|
---|
443 | than the latitude angle, and to optimize summer performance, 15º less
|
---|
444 | than the latitude angle. At any given instant, the array will output
|
---|
445 | maximum available power when pointed directly at the sun. <br><br>
|
---|
446 | To compare the energy output of your array to the optimum value, you
|
---|
447 | will need to know the site's latitude, and the actual tilt angle of
|
---|
448 | your array-which may be the slope of your roof if your array is
|
---|
449 | flush-mounted. If your solar array tilt is within 15º of the latitude
|
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450 | angle, you can expect a reduction of 5% or less in your system's annual
|
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451 | energy production. If your solar array tilt is greater than 15º off the
|
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452 | latitude angle, the reduction in your system's annual energy production
|
---|
453 | may fall by as much as 15% from its peak available value. During winter
|
---|
454 | months at higher latitudes, the reduction will be greater.
|
---|
455 | <br><br>
|
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456 | <a name="azimuth"></a>
|
---|
457 | <b>Azimuth Angle and Magnetic Declination:</b><br>If a south-facing
|
---|
458 | roof is unavailable, or the total solar array is larger than the area
|
---|
459 | of a south-facing roof section, an east or west-facing surface is the
|
---|
460 | next best option. Be aware that solar power output decreases
|
---|
461 | proportionally with a horizontal angle, or "azimuth," greater than 15º
|
---|
462 | from due south. The decrease in annual power output from a
|
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463 | latitude-tilted east or west-facing array may be as much as 15% or more
|
---|
464 | in the lower latitudes or as much as 25% or more in the higher
|
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465 | latitudes of the United States. Avoid directing your tilted solar
|
---|
466 | panels northwest, north or northeast, as you'll get little power
|
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467 | output.
|
---|
468 | <br><br>Magnetic declination, the angle difference between magnetic
|
---|
469 | south and true solar south, must also be taken into account when
|
---|
470 | determining proper solar array orientation. If a magnetic compass alone
|
---|
471 | is used to determine where to point the array, you may not capture the
|
---|
472 | maximum amount of solar radiation. For a general view of the magnetic
|
---|
473 | declination field lines in North America, see the map below.<br><br>
|
---|
474 |
|
---|
475 | If you wish to gain in-depth information about magnetic declination, visit the following website: <a href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/geomag/declination.shtml">http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/geomag/declination.shtml </a>.<br><br>
|
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476 | <img src="modules_files/SI_magdec.gif" alt="" width="461" align="right" border="0" height="537"><br><br>
|
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477 |
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478 |
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479 | </td>
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480 | <!-- the_content_end -->
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481 | <!-- 7px_vertical_space_start -->
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482 | <td valign="top" width="7">
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484 | <!-- 7px_vertical_space_end -->
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485 | <!-- right_column_start -->
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486 | <td valign="top" width="150"><u><b>Article Links</b></u><br><br>
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487 | <a href="#shading" class="nrml">Shading</a><br><br>
|
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488 | <a href="#tilt" class="nrml">Tilt Angle</a><br><br>
|
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489 | <a href="#azimuth" class="nrml">Azimuth Angle</a><br><br>
|
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490 | </td>
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491 | <!-- right_column_end -->
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492 | </tr>
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513 | <td valign="middle" height="24">
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514 | <a class="nta" href="http://americas.kyocera.com/products">Products</a> > <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/" class="nta">Solar Energy</a></td>
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