1.) Generate your Public/Private Key Pair [Top]
If there are two, or more, of you at your box be sure that you both complete these exercises for both user accounts.
We will now generate a single RSA SSH protocol 2 key of 2048 bits. To do this, issue the following command. Do this as a normal user, not as root:
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 2048
You will be prompted for a file location for the key as well as for a passphrase to encrypt the key file. Be sure to enter a passphrase. Private key files without passphrases are a security hole. Your passphrase can be pretty much anything you want.
Now log out and let your partner do the same thing with their account.
2.) Copy Your Public Key to the admin Account [Top]
First connect to your neighbor's machine as the userid admin using ssh. We'll refer to your neighbor's machine as pc1. You can use the IP address of their machine in place of a name to connect.
Here's what you do (as a normal user):
$ ssh admin@pc1
Now you'll be faced with a prompt similar to this:
You should sayThe authenticity of host 'pc1.cctld.gy (10.0.0.1)' can't be established. RSA2 key fingerprint is 60:f7:04:8b:f7:61:c4:41:6e:9a:6f:53:7d:95:cb:29. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
yes to this prompt, but you should understand what this means. Do you? If not, please ask your instructor.
Once you say yes, then you see another message like this:
At this point enter in the password for the admin account on your neighbor's machine.Warning: Permanently added 'pc1.cctld.gy' (RSA2) to the list of known hosts. [/etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub] admin@pc1.cctld.gy's password:
Now you'll be logged in and see a prompt like this:
[admin@pcN ~]$
Now you should logout of your neighbor's machine, and then immediately log back in:
[admin@pcN ~]$ exit
$ ssh admin@pc1
Now you should simply be prompted for the admin password on your neighbor's machine. You should not see the warning message again. Now, log out of your neighbor's machine again:
[admin@pcN ~]$ exit
Let's copy the public_key for your user account on your machine to the /usr/home/admin/.ssh directory on your neighbor's machine. As usual there are several ways to do this, but here's one set of steps that should work:_
$ cd /usr/home/your_userid/.ssh
$ scp id_rsa.pub admin@pc1:/tmp/.
$ ssh admin@pc1
[admin@pc1 ~]$ cd .ssh [if ".ssh" is not there do "mkdir .ssh"]
[admin@pc1 ~]$ cat /tmp/id_rsa.pub >> authorized_keys
[admin@pc1 ~]$ rm /tmp/id_rsa.pub
[admin@pc1 ~]$ exit
If you don't understand what this meant please ask an instructor to explain and give you a hand.
OK, so now your public key is sitting in the file /home/admin/.ssh/authorized_keys in the admin account on your neighbor's machine. So, now let's try connecting to admin on your neighbor's machine:
$ ssh admin@pc1
You should now see something like:
And, at this point you type in the passphrase you used when creating your public/private key pair on your machine for your account - not the password for the admin account on your neighbor's machine.$ ssh admin@pc1 Enter passphrase for RSA key 'admin@pc1':
If you think about this that's pretty neat! Anywhere your public key resides you can log in using one passphrase, and it won't expire.
Now be sure that you log out of your neighbor's machine:
[admin@pcN ~]$ exit
And, repeat this exercise for every person on your machine.
3.) Copy Your Public Key to the root Account [Top]
You will now repeat exercise #2, with just a couple of differences. Note, you cannot log in directly to your neighbor's machine as root, so you must take advantage of the fact that you can get in as the userid admin and then you can become root once you are logged in. This should work as long as your neighbor has not changed the root password as requested, and they created the admin account correctly placing it in the wheel group.
So, here are the steps to do this:
$ cd /home/your_userid/.ssh
$ scp id_rsa.pub admin@pc1:/tmp/.
$ ssh admin@pc1
[admin@pc1 ~]$ su - [enter root password when requested]
# cd /root/.ssh [if ".ssh" is not there do mkdir .ssh]
# cat /tmp/id_rsa.pub >> authorized_keys
# rm /tmp/id_rsa.pub
# exit
Now your public key is in the /root/.ssh/authorized_keys file on your neighbor's machine. You cannot log in yet to your neighbor's machine as root since the file /etc/ssh/sshd_config is configured to block all root access. Our next exercise will change this.
Be sure that everyone on your machine completes this exercises (#3).
4.) Update /etc/ssh/sshd_config [Top]
We have placed an sshd_config file on the noc server that you can copy to your machine to accomplish what we want to do. This configuration file only allows access to your machine via ssh if someone has their public key in the account they are trying to connect with. In addition, this file allows you to connect directly as root. This can actually be very useful, especially if you need to copy over a large number of files with root privileges. It's important that the passphrase you used on your private key is strong enough to resist brute force attacks.
For this exercise you must be root. Do the following:
# cd /etc/ssh
# cp sshd_config sshd_config.bak
# ftp noc
username: anonymous
password: your_email
ftp> cd pub/FreeBSD/configs
ftp> lcd /etc/ssh
ftp> get sshd_config
ftp> exit
Now you can restart your ssh server and the new configuration will take affect, but you must coordinate this with your neighbors first. If they are still accessing your box to copy over keys, then wait to to do this until they are done. If you don't, then they won't be able to log in and finish these exercises.
If your neighbor or neighbors are not ready, just go on to the final exercise and come back to this last step later.
To restart your ssh server (as root) do:
# /etc/rc.d/sshd restart
Once your neighbor has done this as well try loggin in on their machine as root from your local account. For instance, if you are in a terminal window as root you could do:
# su - admin
[admin@pc2 ~]$ ssh root@pc1
You should be prompted for your passphrase, and you should be able to log in directly to your neighbor's machine as root! This is a very useful tool.
Be sure to exit your session on their machine:
# exit
And, have a look at the file /etc/ssh/sshd_config. Maybe compare it to /etc/ssh/sshd_config.bak to see some of the differences.
Note that this file will work for Linux as well.
Be sure everyone on your machine completes this exercise.
5.) Consider the Power of scp -r[Top]
One of the most useful features of ssh are the scp and sftp tools that come with it. With scp (Secure CoPy) you can do some of the following:
$ mkdir /tmp/palm
scp -r admin@pc1:/usr/ports/palm/* /tmp/palm/.
That's it. Have a look at the /tmp/palm directory structure to convince yourself that things are there:
$ cd /tmp/palm
$ ls
$ ls -lah
$ ls -R
$ du -h
"ls -R" shows all directories recursively under the directory you are in. "du -h" tell you in "h"uman readable format how much space all the files in the directories under your current directory are using.
The "-r" option in scp can make system administration much easier.
If you want to remove /tmp/palm and all its subdirectories you can do this:
$ rm -rf /tmp/palm
Always be very careful with the "rm -rf" command as it can delete anything you have r/w access to recursively, with no warning, very quickly.
Hervey Allen